Identifikasi Integron Dan Gen Resistensi Antibiotik (ARG) Secara In Silico Terhadap Antibiotik Paling Banyak Diresepkan Di Indonesia

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to the effectiveness of bacterial infection treatments. This study aims to identify and analyze genetic materials involved in resistance to the most frequently prescribed antibiotics in Indonesia, with a focus on amoxicillin. A retrospective observational approach was used to evaluate antibiotic usage rates in Indonesia, along with in silico analyses utilizing public genomic data. The findings indicate that amoxicillin accounts for the highest usage percentage in Indonesia, with 74.41% at the national level and 46.67% in RSUD Sumbawa. Bacteria associated with resistance to amoxicillin include Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus, with S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae being the dominant species. The dominant genetic material causing resistance in Streptococcus to amoxicillin is integrons (62.62%), with the most frequently identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) being erm(B) (23.77%) and ant(6)-Ia (12.93%). The distribution pattern of genetic materials related to resistance is predominantly found in livestock (48.03%) and humans (44.50%).

Keywords : antibiotics, amoxicillin, integron, antimicrobial resistance, Streptococcus